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体验中国中的国 - 曾经的南诏 云南巍山
Huancheng Dong Lu Road
Weishan, Dali, Yunnan 672400
China
ph: +86 (0)872 61 24 698
alt: +41 79 829 43 84
Yunwp
巍宝山,在云南巍山彝族回族自治县城东南约十公里处。位于云岭山脉四大分支之一的乌蒙山起点,洱海盆地之南。海拔一千七百三十米。为唐初南诏(蒙舍诏)王细奴罗耕牧和发迹之地,亦为云南著名的道教名山。
据现存资料研究,巍山道教起于唐,盛于明清。据道教传说,南诏时期,太上老君曾下降巍宝山,点化南诏始祖细奴罗。其后,王朝后裔和道士在巍宝山建老君殿(清微观)以祀老子。道教从此传入巍宝山。相传唐代著名道士杜光庭,曾到大理、巍山传教。并书《南诏德化碑》,深受南诏王族的礼遇。吕洞宾也曾到过巍山,现今民间尚流传着许多吕洞宾在巍山传教的故事。①明清时期,巍山道教比较兴盛。据《云南通志》卷二十五载称,此时有许多道士相继入居巍山修道。王旻,蜀之华阳人。永乐(1403~1424)初,寓居蒙化,遇异人授道术,能役使鬼神,召致风雨。邓川孽龙为祟,请旻制之,旻至,而龙遁去。成化十(1474),预知化日,应期不爽,蒙化人咸以为尸解云。②清道士何太和,蒙化人。为避吴三桂之乱,隐居巍宝山。特探玄理,卓然有得。每短筇蓑
笠,独游咏于松梅雪月之间。冯应魁,字亦九,道号尚元。有隐德,安贫乐道。精医药,治人甚多。得孙真人安乐仙方,刊存巍宝山朝阳洞,人争重之。③据近人调查研究,明清以后,巍山所传道教,“以甸中街为界,分为两支:南部以县城镇为中心的是清微教,由巍宝山龙门派传授;北部以大仓镇为中心的是灵宝教,由江西龙虎山西河派传授”。④从明代起,巍山相继建起大批宫观,总计达二十余所。最早者为玄(或作悬)珠观。民国《新纂云南通志》卷一百二十云:“悬珠观,在城东五里,创自蒙诏,明成化(1465~1487)间拓建,为近城诸刹之冠。”⑤它是“巍山道观群中的历史最悠久。……
现存殿宇多为清季重修。观内有关圣殿、玉皇阁、三官殿、天王殿、吕祖殿、财神殿、天师楼等建筑。近年来,玄珠观和与之相邻的另一佛寺联通,故又称玄龙寺。”⑥文昌宫,始辟于明代,最初是当地祭龙的场所,到清乾隆(1736~1795)间改建成道观。由
关圣殿、金甲殿、文昌殿等组成。⑦青霞观,一名清微观。观内《重修巍山青霞观碑记》云: 此地是道教始祖太上老君降化细奴罗之所。清康熙二十二年(1683)创为道观,后不断增修。⑧玉皇阁,巍山境内有数处玉皇阁,以灵官殿背后者规模最大,建筑年代也最早。建于康熙二十二年以前。由四帅殿、玉皇殿、天师殿、三官殿、吕祖殿、依云阁等建筑组成。每年农历二月初一到十五日,是巍山传统的朝山庙会,各地艺人皆汇集此处演奏洞经音乐(属道教音乐)。⑨培鹤楼,祀八仙之一的吕洞宾,初建于乾隆二十五年(1760),此后以它为中心,在其前建含真楼,北建元极宫,东建云鹤宫,西建道源宫,形成一组规模宏大的道教宫观群。AB长春洞,建于康熙(1662~1722)年间。由前殿、正殿、两厢和花园组成。殿壁内绘有很多图画,门上有许多精致雕刻,诚为一座壁画雕刻的宝库。AC斗姥阁,踞巍宝山之巅,清乾隆四十年(1775),郡人孙怀仁捐建。此外,还有主君阁、灵官殿、三师殿、三官殿、三皇殿、朝阳洞、财神殿、祖师阁、依云阁、报恩殿等,皆建于清代。据说,盛时住山道士多达数百人。
注: ① 《中国道教》1989年第2期:《西南道教名山——巍宝山》
② 《景印文渊阁四库全书》第569册90页,台湾商务印书馆,1986年
③⑤AD 《新纂云南通志》卷二百六十二,卷一百二十,卷一百二十,1949年铅本印 ④⑥ 《民族调查研究》1989年第1、第2期:《巍山洞经音乐》 ⑦⑧⑨ABAC 《巍山揽胜》17页,20页,21页,27页,29~31页,云南教育出版社,1986年
巍山 1994年被定为国家历史文化名城。
巍山的节庆:
汉族: 清明节(阳历4月5号),松花会(佛教, 阴历1月9号;
彝族: 打歌节(阴历2月8号)、祭祖杰(阴历1月15号), 三公主杰(2月1 -15 号)火把节(阴历6月25号);
回族: 开斋节 阴历10月1号)、 宰牲节(阴历12月10号)、亡人节(阴历3月12号)及回族妇女的姑太节等。
巍山的音乐:
圣人作乐以意应天, 制礼以配地 - 汉族的洞经音乐(道教),祭孔音乐(佛教)
More About Weishan
Located in the center of Yunnan province, Weishan is a city with a rich history reaching back 1300 years. Nearby Dali, 70 kilometers away, is often known as the seat of the Nanzhao empire, a semi-independent kingdom that arose in this region during the T’ang Dynasty of the 7th century, but that kingdom was actually founded in Weishan. Here the minority cultures of the Bai, Yi and Hui meet in the most culturally and environmentally diverse corner of China.
Weishan’s present old town dates to 1390 and contains the Drum Tower Gongshenlou, once a gate in the medieval wall that is the second largest such gate in China after Beijing’s Tien An Men, built a few years later. Several Confucian temple complexes date back hundreds of years, and the Southern Silk Road is the town’s main artery, still lined with a variety of shops and peddlers hawking produce from the countryside.
The city takes its name from the mountain that overlooks it: Weibaoshan. This mountain is one of the most important pilgrimage sites in all of China, the setting for some two dozen Taoist and Buddhist temples dating back centuries and inextricably linked to the folkways and culture of the local people. Protected as a forest park, the mountain includes the octagonally planned Changchundong temple, still active, and the Wen Chang palace with a pavilion in a pond decorated with the 18th century Yi people mural “Dancing Under the Pine Trees”.
Since 1999, the town has been the center of the Weishan Heritage Valley, a regional designation that recognizes, protects and promotes this cultural, historical and environmental diversity. The Southern Silk Road that runs through Weishan Old Town has been restored and preservation laws insure the maintenance of traditional wooden storefronts. Qing Dynasty courtyard houses have been restored and Ming era Confucian temples are being restored to their former glory thanks to the efforts of Weishan County officials. Restoration efforts have also been directed to the temples of Weibaoshan and the ruined site where began the Nanzhao Empire.
The Weishan Heritage Valley includes the famous Bird Pass, a migratory route here in the ecologically rich upper basin of the Mekong River. The incredibly biodiversity of the region also supports a rich local cuisine.
We love Weishan and we would like to see Weishan kept the way as it today from the culture and Chinese tradition pespect. We would like to share our the best part of Weishan with you.
Huancheng Dong Lu Road
Weishan, Dali, Yunnan 672400
China
ph: +86 (0)872 61 24 698
alt: +41 79 829 43 84
Yunwp